PHRASE AND CLAUSE

A phrase is a collection of words that may have nouns or verbals, but it does not have a subject doing a verb.

Example:   the firts semantics test,  inside the car, catching the ball.

A clause is a collection of words that has a subject that is actively doing a verb.

Example: Maria looks happy before the firts semantics test, there's a dog playing inside the car, my brother is catching the ball.

Main Clause: must contain a subject and a verb as well as express a complete though. 

Example: Diana ate pizza in my house ( Diana: subject    Ate: verb )

Subordinate Clause:  Will begin with a subordinate conjuction or a relative pronoun a will contain both  a subject and a verb.

Example:  Who ate my cheetos?  ----------  after the examen maria wants to sleep

                

Presupposition and entailment

PRESUPPOSITION AND ENTAILMENT

A presupposition is something the speaker  assumes to be the case prior to make and utterance.

Example:  - ''Mary's cat is cute'' the presupposition is that Mary has a cat.

An entailment is something that logically follows from what is asserted in the utterance sentences,not speakers, have entailments.

Examples: She has a new car the entailment for this would be She has something, something new, she has a car.

Dictionary

DICTIONARY

Is a collection of words in one more specific language,often list alphabetically with usage information, definition, etymologies, phonetics and pronunciations and other information.

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POLYSEMY

A polysemy is a word or symbol that has more than one meaning. In order to be considered a polysemy, a word has to have separate meanings that can be different, but related to one another.

HOMOPHONES

Homophones are words that have exactly the same sound (pronunciation) but different meanings and (usually) spelling.

   Example: Hour - Our              

HOMOGRAPHS

Homograph is a word spelled like another word but that is different in origin, meaning and pronuntiation

HYPONYMS

is a word that describes things more specifically in the same group

RHYME

is a repetition of similar sounds in two or more words, used in poems and songs

WHOLE TO PART

(HOLONYMY)

The semantic relation that holds between a whole and its parts

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WORD RELATIONS

WORD RELATIONS.

Synonyms: words that have nearly the same meaning.

 Examples:  Dirty - Naughty - Nasty are synonyms, 

                  Pretty - Beautiful are synonyms too.

Antonyms: words that have opossite meaning.

Example:  Hot - Cold are antonyms

               Tall - Short are antonyms too

Homonyms: Words that sound alike but their meaning is different.

Example: Blue - Blew are homonyms,

               Ice - Eyes are homonyms too.

Analogies:  Impled relationship between two pairs.
Example: Up is a down as tall is a short, Cat is a meow as dog is a woof.

PARTS OF SPEECH.

Noun: Is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing.

1. Genre nouns: Many nouns would change form depending on their genre for example a man was called an ''author' while a woman was called and ''authoress''.

2. Plural nouns: Change the form of the noun to plural adding some letters for example: (wolf-wolves) (city-cities) (box-boxes) (truth-truths).

3. Possessive nouns: A noun or pronoun changes its form to show that it owns or is closely related to something. For example: Ricardo's bike is awesome 

Pronoun: A pronoun can replace a noun or another pronoun. You use pronouns like he, which, none, you to make your sentences. 

Verb: Describe something about the subject of the sentence and express actions, events or states of being.

Adjectives: Adjectives describe words like Large, yellow, tall, small, big, smart, ugly etc... For example A big house.

Adverbs:  its word that joins to a verb or a adjetive to modify his meaning. For example (friend-friendly)
(love-lovely) (real-really) ------> I really want cheetos.

Conjuction: Connect parts of a sentences some examples are: and, but, or, yet, for, so.

Interjections: Interjections are words or phrases used to exclaim, protest or command. For example: wow, yeah, ouch, hey, pew etc.... 

SPEECH ACT.

KINDS OF MEANING.

Propositional meaning: Also called locutionary. Is the literal meaning of the utterance.

Illocutionary meaning: Intention of the speaker when uttering an expression.

Perlocutional meaning: Effect of what it is said.

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SPEAKER MEANING AND SENTENCE MEANING.

SPEAKER MEANING: Is what a speaker means (intends to convey) when he uses a piece of language.

SENTECE MEANING: Is what a sentece means, what ir counts as the equivalent of in a the language concerned

PROPOSITIONS, UTTERANCES AND SENTENCES.

Propositions:  is a true fact. (something that exist)

Utterances: Any stretch of talk between breath pauses. Utterances are physical (when im talk the sentences)

Sentences:  String of words put together following a grammar structure. Sentences are abstract (when im thinking in a sentences)

MAIN CONCEPTS

 COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE

Semantics: The study of meaning.

Phonology: Organization of sounds.

Pragmatics:  The study of the choices of language persons make in social interaction.

Morphology: Refers to the rules combining  morphemes.

                      Morphemes: the smallest units of language that convey meaning.

Syntax: The grammatical arrangement of words in sentences.



  

Source: http://quizlet.com/18574901/five-components-of-language-learning-and-deficits-flash-cards/